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Unscreened blood coursing through veins

The majority of private blood banks do not check blood for diseases like HIV and hepatitis before selling blood bags to people, sources in the government�s Blood Transfusion Department (BTD) told Daily Times. They said that blood should be screened for HIV and hepatitis B and C before it is sold to people.


�This is happening in Lahore where diseases can easily spread because 75 percent of the city�s water is contaminated,� sources said, �People are being put at risk because when a person donates or sells blood, it is not screened for HIV or hepatitis.� Around 40 private blood banks are operating in Lahore without being monitored by government authorities, because of which blood screening is not considered important.

Expensive HIV kits also account for the lack of blood screening, since a box of 100 HIV strips costs around Rs 40,000 to Rs 60,000 while hepatitis B and C strips cost Rs 20 and Rs 40.

�HIV strips cannot be used for more than a year, therefore private blood banks do not spend money on them and sell unscreened blood,� said a BTD official.

�Screening blood for diseases costs Rs 700 to Rs 1,000 and if the price of the blood bought from donors is added, the cost of a blood bag for banks reaches Rs 1,200 to Rs 1,500,� said paediatrician Dr Naveed Mustafa.

�Drug addicts are the main source for banks willing to buy blood cheap,� said haematologist Dr Rafi Butt, �Several addicts use the same syringe to inject drugs and it is a known fact that HIV spreads through the reuse of syringes, therefore blood screening is compulsory.� �Drug addicts who need money sell their blood frequently and it becomes more easy for addicts if they have a rare blood group like O negative,� he added.

�Blood banks do not require much investment to operate and owners do not have to register themselves or get a license,� a Health Department official said, adding that it was necessary to monitor such blood banks.

Private blood banks are understaffed and have no mechanism for maintenance of their equipment, sources said, �Some of the private banks are run by illiterate people who are hired for low wages.� �Such people are only capable of getting a blood sample by using a syringe and the situation is even worse in remote areas,� said haematologist Dr Mazharur Rehman.

BTD officials said there were 61 official blood banks in Punjab, but there were also 230 operational private or unregistered banks. �Lahore has 13 official blood banks where blood is screened but there is no record for private banks in this regard,� they said.

Bags of positive groups of screened blood are sold for Rs 1,000 to Rs 1,200 while unscreened blood is sold for Rs 400 to Rs 600. �A negative group is more expensive than positive groups,� said an official, �Screened blood of negative groups is sold for Rs 2,000 to Rs 3,000 and if it is not screened, it costs around Rs 1,000 to Rs 1,500.�

Abdul Haq whose daughter was suffering from thalessaemia, said he bought bags of A Positive blood from a private bank for Rs 500, but he was not sure if the blood was screened. The Blood Transfusion Department had arranged a workshop at its head office in Lahore (Jail Road) in collaboration with a non-government organisation, Global Fund, to educate blood bank officials on blood screening, said Dr Salman Shahid from Global Fund.

�Private blood banks need special attention and NGOs should step forward to fulfil their duty in this regard,� he said, �We have invited the owners of all the private blood banks, technicians and attendants from Punjab.� He said the workshop was aimed at getting 95 percent of the blood in registered banks screened. According to a World Bank report, around 40 percent of the annual 1.5 million blood transfusions in Pakistan are not screened for HIV. 

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ISLAMIC VIEW of BLOOD DONATION & TRANSFUSION 


Islam enjoins preserving human life and protecting it against all potential harm, affliction and hardship, and it insists on ensuring peace and security for human beings.

In the Quran, Allah says, "To save one life is to save all humanity".
Islamic law urges every Muslim to be in constant support of his community, and make it a legal requirement in many cases. According to a Hadith (saying by the Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him)),"He who relieves a believer of one form of distress, in this life shall be relieved by God of a greater distress on the Day of Resurrection" and "God will help any servant of His, as long as he continues to help his brother".
"A Muslim is a brother to every Muslim, he neither lets him down, nor does him injustice, nor gives him away".

Therefore, if giving blood to a patient is necessary for his survival, then, according to Islam, it becomes mandatory to donate blood`, as a case of implementing a basic Islamic principle which makes it imperative to preserve human life. Two important main Islamic rules are also applicable here, namely: "Harm must be eliminated" & "Necessity overrules constraints". Further more it is in agreement with the Islamic principles of social justice.

The Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) says, "Cupping is a most useful type of medical treatment". He also says, If any of your methods of treating the ill is effective, an incision by phlebotomy scalpel is certainly one".

In the Hadith, there is an earnest call for phlebotomy and cupping, because of their proven benefits to man. It indicates that blood donation is not only harmless to the donor, but it is also useful to him, as it activates the process of replenishing blood cells. When blood is needed in the community, blood donation becomes a community as well as a person's individual obligation. If they fail to fulfil it, they shall be considered as having committed a sin.

God has given man a position of honor. "We have honored the sons of Adam". That is why, the selling of the human body, its organs or blood is forbidden.

The inferred meaning of three other Hadiths are: -
"Cut your vein with a scalpel and allow your blood to flow and you can do this once in three months".
"You can allow your blood to flow every 17 days, 19 days and 21 days" This is applicable to modern day Plasma and Platelet Pharisees "Removing blood from your body improves your health and enhances your eyesight". 


Aritcle Posted By Pakistan Red Crescent Society (PRCS)

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Blood Type and Your Diet

Blood Type and Your Diet Huh? Blood type? What�s that got to do with my diet?

A lot, according to Dr. Peter D�Adamo, the author of the book Eat Right for Your Blood Type.

D�Adamo and his father have spent their lives scientifically studying the relationship between blood type, diet and health. In his book, he provides a fascinating evolutionary overview of the development of different blood types, provides a scientific framework of how he believes blood type affects your digestion of food, and suggests foods to consume and foods to avoid depending on your type.

Before I go any further, I would like to provide the Fine Print: I am not a Doctor. I don�t pretend to be one. I don�t even play one on TV. Read the book. Consult your physician. Do your own research and experimentation and exercise your own common sense to arrive at your own personal truth. My intention is not to sell you on the concept�my intention is to get you thinking about how to optimize our health.

Good luck with the quest.

With that, we hope you enjoy this overview of D�Adamo�s theory and its relevance.


Evolutionary Overview of Blood Types
Why Blood Is Important
So What Foods Should I Eat?!?
Interesting Blood Stats
Interesting Blood Sites
Criticisms of The Book and Its Theories
Conclusion


Evolutionary Overview of Blood Types

There are four blood types: O, A, B, and AB. O is the oldest, then A, then B, then AB.

Type O

Our �O� ancestors survived primarily as hunters�in Africa. They were smart enough to engineer the weapons and other strategies necessary to hunt. They ate a lot of meat. Their digestive systems supported the consumption of large quantities of high-protein animal flesh.

As the population grew, these �O� ancestors were constantly migrating to find more game. They split into two groups. One headed north into Europe (25,000-15,000 BCE). The other, a bit later (15,000-10,000 BCE), headed into the Himalayas and modern day Pakistan and India.

Type A

Over time, the group that migrated north evolved into a primarily Agrarian society. The cultivation of livestock and grains changed everything. Several mutations occurred:

* Lighter skin developed. The lighter skin provided better protection against frostbite was also able to better metabolize Vitamin D in a land of shorter days and longer nights.
* The digestive systems of the hunter-gatherers were no longer able to digest its carnivorous pre-agricultural diet efficiently.
* A blood type mutation occurred that better met the needs of the environment.
* Blood Type A is still found in its highest concentrations in Western Europe.


Type B

Over time, another group of O�s headed to the Himalayas�adapting genetically to the conditions.

Of all of the blood types, Type B shows the most clearly defined geographic distribution. Type B is found in increased numbers from Japan, Mongolia, China and India.

Type AB

Type AB is the �newest� blood type. It�s relatively rare. The combination of the intermingling of Type A and B.

OK, so now we know there are different types of blood and they can be traced to evolutionary patterns. Now let�s look at�

Why Blood Is Important
Blood is life. A single drop of blood contains our entire genetic blueprint.

Most people don�t think that blood type is that important. The only time most of us think of it is when we think of a blood transfusion. You may vaguely remember that O is a universal donor, a person with �A� can�t receive �B� and a person with �B� can�t receive �A� while AB is a universal receiver.

What does that mean? It means that if I have Type A blood, then my body will reject any blood or organs or anything that comes from a Type B person and vice versa.

Why is that?

Nature has blessed our immune system with very sophisticated ways to determine whether a substance is foreign or not. One method involves chemical markers called �antigens.� Basically, every life form has a unique chemical �fingerprint��from viruses to human beings.

If your blood type determines that a foreign antigen has entered your body, it creates �antibodies� to destroy it. The antibodies "ability to clump--or agglutinate--the blood cells of an opposing blood type is so powerful that it can be immediately observed on a glass side with the unaided eye."

This is why I, with Type A blood, would reject blood (or a liver, or any organ) from a person with Type B blood.

Make sense?

Now we're ready for D'Adamo's theory of the connection between blood type and diet.

D'Adamo states that there is much more to the agglutination story than just the affect of one blood type rejecting another. He discusses the discovery that many foods agglutinate the cells of certain blood types but not others, "meaning that a food which may be harmful to the cells of one blood type may be beneficial to the cells of another."

The book provides a comprehensive overview of the subject. Here is the abridged version:

"A chemical reaction occurs between your blood and the foods you eat...Lectins, abundant and diverse proteins found in foods, have agglutinating properties that affect your blood...When you eat a food containing protein lectins that are incompatible with your blood type antigen, the lectins target an organ or bodily system (kidney, liver, brain, stomach, etc.) and begin to agglutinate blood cells in that area...

The key is to avoid the lectins that agglutinate your particular cells--determined by your blood type. For example, gluten, the most common lectin found in wheat and other grains, binds to the lining of the small intestine, causing substantial inflammation and painful irritation in some blood types--especially Type O...

Lectins vary widely, according to their source. For example, the lectin found in wheat has a different shape from the lectin found in soy, and attaches to a different combination of sugars; each of these foods is dangerous for some blood types, but beneficial for others."

Interesting, eh?

So, that�s the overview of the theoretical framework. From there, D'Adamo outlines the different types of foods and their scientifically analyzed results on your well being.

D�Adamo suggests that, if you follow the Blood Type Plan he outlines, �you can:

* Avoid many common viruses and infections.
* Lose weight, as your body rids itself of toxins and fats.
* Fight back against life-threatening diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and liver failure.
* Avoid many of the factors that cause rapid cell deterioration, thus slowing down the aging process.�

So What Foods Should I Eat?!?
D�Adamo presents the foods in 16 different sections (from meats to cereals to spices) and categorizes each food according to whether it is a �medicine�, is �neutral� or is �poison.�

Again, his analysis is based on his own research. You can (and he does!) actually pull out your favorite microscope and petry dish, take the antigen from a given food and watch it interact with different blood types�seeing whether a given blood type treats the food as a friend or as a foe. Pretty powerful stuff.

Quick Profiles by Type

Type O

Profile: High protein meat eaters

Type O�s have higher acidity levels in their stomachs�which is there to digest meat. They need to eat meat. Due to the high natural acidity of O�s, they have a greater risk of stomach ulcers if they have an imbalanced diet.

Avoid: wheat, corn, kidney beans, navy beans, lentils, cabbage, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower

Type A

Profile: Vegetarian

Type A�s have a lower acidity level in their stomachs than O�s. They can�t digest animal protein well. D�Adamo suggests that they should be vegetarians. If they consume a lot of animal protein, they run the risk of higher stomach cancer rates.

Avoid: meat, dairy, kidney beans, lima beans, wheat

Type B

Profile: Balanced omnivore

Avoid: corn, lentil, peanuts, sesame seeds, buckwheat, wheat

Type AB

Profile: Mixed diet in moderation

Avoid: red meat, kidney beans, lima beans, seeds, corn, buckwheat

Interesting Blood Stats
Check out some pretty interesting statistics on blood type distributions among different ethnicities around the world:

http://www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html

Interesting Blood Sites
The author, Dr. Peter D�Adamo�s web site provides further information on the science behind the book as well as other interesting info:

http://www.dadamo.com/

This site provides a comprehensive list of the foods recommended per blood type as well as some other background info:
http://www.uoregon.edu/~sshapiro/ER4YT/FoodLists_TOC.html

Criticisms of The Book and Its Theories
Food for Your Blood? The latest food fad would have you follow a different diet depending on your blood type. But is it safe?
http://webmd.lycos.com/content/article/1671.50888

Overweight? Diet books blame it on blood type But some experts skeptical
http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9705/20/blood.type.diet/

Of course, the theories presented in the book have been met with criticism from many within the medical community�citing the lack of scientific data. One critic--Dr. Victor Herbert (who studies blood and nutrition at New York's Mt. Sinai Medical Center) so generously commented that �linking blood type and diet is pure horse manure.� Eww.

He continues, blood type has "nothing to do with...how we handle the food we eat.� D�Adamo�s response: "All ideas that are revolutionary are going to engender opposition...because they are very threatening."

His advice: �Determine your blood type and follow your blood type diet for 2 weeks. Experience the results and decide its value for yourself.�

My perspective: The only scientific element that everyone acknowledges is the fact that individuals with Type O blood have a greater incidence rate of stomach ulcers than other blood types and individuals with Type A blood have a greater incidence rate of stomach cancer thank other types. That information is published in scientific journals. D�Adamo�s lab experiments are not; they have not been subjected to rogourous peer review and, therefore, they are often criticized by those in the more conservative medical community. Further, his application of physical anthropological theories of evolution are obviously not scientifically �proven.� They are theories.

Obviously, use your own judgment.

Conclusion
Well, that about wraps it up. Just to be clear: No, I am not getting paid anything to endorse this book, nor do I think the book is a panacea.

In fact, when working with my clients, I never start with the blood. My first goal is to educate them on the fundamentals of proper nutrition (drink water, eat fruits and veggies, eat breakfast, avoid sugar, avoid saturated fats, etc.) and to start developing sound, lifelong habits. In my opinion, trying to change everything at once to follow the latest fad diet is never a good idea�even if the diet is sound. Diets typically fail for that reason�people usually try to change too much too soon and then, after a period of time, give up and go back to whatever habits they had before.

Create some new habits. Optimize your diet. Optimize your overall health and approach life with abundant energy.

I hope you enjoyed this overview. I�d love to hear from you. Send me an email and let me know what you think or to chat about questions you have.

Here�s to optimizing your health and energy!

thinkarete.

-Brian Johnson 

Article Posted By Brian Johnson
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LUNGS HAVE THEIR OWN VERSION OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE 

During my annual checkup, my doctor remarked about my mitral valve prolapse, which I have known about for a number of years. He also mentioned the possibility of pulmonary hypertension. I do have high blood pressure, but I am not familiar with pulmonary high blood pressure. What is it, and what causes it? -- J.R.

ANSWER: The body has two blood pressures. The one recorded when doctors take arm blood pressure is the systemic blood pressure, the blood pressure created by the heart pumping blood into the general circulation.

The lungs have their own blood pressure. They are delicate structures and cannot tolerate the body's normal blood pressure. Lung blood pressure is only one-fifth that of the body's blood pressure. Hypertension is a rise of body blood pressure, and pulmonary hypertension is a rise of lung blood pressure. The two are not related, nor does a rise in systemic blood pressure cause a rise in pulmonary blood pressure.

In piecing your story together, I believe your doctor referred to pulmonary hypertension that could result from your mitral valve prolapse. The mitral valve is one of four heart valves. A prolapsing mitral valve is one that balloons upward when the heart pumps blood. Sometimes associated with the upward ballooning is a leakage of blood through the valve. If that occurs and if the leakage is great, it can raise lung blood pressure -- pulmonary hypertension.

Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are difficulty catching one's breath, weakness, fatigue and sometimes chest pain. The ankles and feet might swell.

Your doctor must not think that your valve leakage is great, if indeed you have any, or that your lung pressure is dangerously high. He would have asked for more tests if he believed that. Pulmonary hypertension is something not to be taken lightly, and I can't believe your doctor would leave you up in the air if yours were significant.

DEAR DR. DONOHUE: My son, age 48, has worked for 25 years as a machinist. Lately his hands have broken out with a bad case of eczema. He has never had this affliction before. What caused it? The doctor said he should get a new job, which is impossible at his age. -- A.F.

ANSWER: Eczema turns skin red and creates tiny blisters on the red skin. Often, the skin itches. There are varieties of eczema, and the kind your son has is probably the kind called irritant contact dermatitis. (Dermatitis is skin inflammation.) He must be using something in his job or at home that gets on his hands and causes the inflammatory reaction. Detergents, chemicals or other sorts of industrial materials are possibilities. Can he wear gloves and do his work? Plain latex gloves or rubber gloves with an inner lining might do the trick. ''Barrier'' creams, ointments, liquids or sprays can be applied to the hands to protect them from whatever the mischief-maker is. Kerodex cream, Hydropel ointment and Skin Shield (a liquid) are all nonprescription items that should be easy to find.

DEAR DR. DONOHUE: I have foot drop. My right foot is involved. I had a back operation in 1976, and five years later I got the foot drop. Please tell me more about it. -- A.V.

ANSWER: We learn to walk as infants, so we forget how truly complicated walking is. The stepping foot has to be lifted off the ground by leg muscles, which get the command to lift from nerves, the spinal cord and the brain. In foot drop, the interplay of brain, spinal cord, nerve and muscle has been interrupted. Often, the trouble arises in nerves that send messages to the leg muscles to pick up the foot when taking a step. The result is a floppy foot, one that either can't be lifted or is lifted only with difficulty. If a correctable cause can be found, then the answer is eliminating it. Sometimes there might be pressure on a nerve that's causing the foot drop. I don't know if your prior operation had anything to do with it.

If a cause can't be found, then mechanical appliances, such as braces, can facilitate walking.

Dr. Donohue regrets that he is unable to answer individual letters, but he will incorporate them in his column whenever possible. Readers may write him or request an order form of available health newsletters at P.O. Box 536475, Orlando, FL 32853-6475. Readers may also order health newsletters from www.rbmamall.com.

(c) 2006 North America Syndicate Inc.

All Rights Reserved

BY PAUL G. DONOHUE, M.D.